Original Title: What Happens If China Makes First Contact?
NetEase Technology News, November 15 – According to foreign media reports, China has constructed the world's largest 500-meter spherical telescope (FAST) in a karst mountain area of Guizhou Province. One of its main purposes is to detect signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. Recently, Ross Anderson, senior deputy editor of The Atlantic Monthly, visited the site and had an in-depth discussion with Chinese science fiction writer Liu Cixin about different perspectives on the "dark forest" theory.
In January last year, the Chinese Academy of Sciences invited Liu Cixin, one of China’s most renowned science fiction writers, to visit the latest national-level spherical radio telescope in the southwest region. This massive telescope is currently the largest in the world, twice as wide as the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Its sensitivity is so high that it can detect signals from a spy satellite even without transmitting any external signals. While primarily for scientific research, it also serves a unique purpose: the first device on Earth to monitor potential alien civilization signals. This means that if intelligent alien life sends messages in the next decade, China might be the first to receive them.
It makes sense why Liu Cixin was invited to this facility. He has a strong influence on space exploration in China, and the China National Space Administration sometimes invites him to participate in various scientific projects. Liu Cixin is undeniably a leading figure in Chinese science fiction. Many Chinese sci-fi authors refer to him as “Liu Liu.†Over the past few years, engineers at the National Astronomical Observatory have frequently updated Liu Cixin on the progress of the telescope's construction, showing how his work inspires their efforts.
Illustration: Giant spherical radio telescope in the mountains of Guizhou
However, inviting Liu Cixin to visit this device seems a bit unusual. In his books, he often discusses the risks of contacting alien civilizations. He warned that the emergence of other intelligent species could lead to humanity’s extinction. In a postscript of one of his novels, he wrote, “Maybe after ten thousand years, the sky staring at humanity will remain silent. But maybe when we wake up again, we will see the Earth’s orbit hovering like moon-sized alien spacecraft.â€
In recent years, Liu Cixin has become one of the world’s top science fiction writers. In 2015, his novel *The Three-Body Problem* won the Hugo Award for Best Long Story. Former U.S. President Barack Obama once told the New York Times that the first book of the trilogy brought him a new cosmology during his presidency. Liu Cixin also mentioned that Obama’s staff asked him for a sample of the third book.
At the end of the second part of the trilogy, a protagonist described the core idea of the series. He stated that no civilization should announce its existence to the universe. Once another civilization becomes aware of your presence, they may view you as a threat. All civilizations in the universe would eliminate competitors until they meet a more advanced one that eliminates them. This bleak view of the universe is known as the “dark forest rule,†as it imagines every civilization as a hunter hiding in the dark forest, listening for potential threats.
The story of Liu Cixin’s trilogy began in the late 1960s when a young Chinese woman sent messages to nearby galaxies. The civilization that received the information launched a centuries-long plan to invade Earth, but the woman remained indifferent to human survival. The particles emitted by the alien civilization disrupted Earth’s particle accelerator, halting development in basic physics and slowing global progress significantly.
Science fiction is often called future literature, but historical allegories are still a major theme. Isaac Asimov’s *Foundation* is based on ancient Rome, while Frank Herbert’s *Dune* draws from Bedouin history. However, Liu Cixin does not want to link his books to real-world events. He said his inspiration came from the history of Earth’s civilizations, especially encounters between more advanced and less advanced societies. Such encounters occurred in the 19th century, when China remained isolated, only to face European powers that changed its course forever.
This summer, I visited the newly completed observatory in China. Before arriving in Beijing, I met with Liu Cixin and discussed the adaptation of *The Three-Body Problem* into a movie. “People want it to be the Chinese version of Star Wars,†he said, looking somewhat helpless. The film was shot in mid-2015 and is still in post-production. Even the effects team was replaced during the process. “When it comes to making sci-fi movies, our system isn’t mature enough,†Liu Cixin admitted.
I considered Liu Cixin the most important thinker in China regarding contact with alien civilizations, but I also wanted to know what would happen when I visited the new radio telescope. After my translator conveyed my question, Mr. Liu stopped smoking and laughed.
He said, “It looks like it’s beyond the scope of science fiction.â€
A week later, I took the high-speed rail from Shanghai and headed south along an elevated railroad. I saw skyscrapers on both sides receding into the distance. Each city’s mega-buildings were filled with countless windows. From 2011 to 2013, the amount of cement concrete poured in China was greater than that of the United States throughout the 20th century. China has already started building railways in Africa and hopes to extend domestic high-speed railways to Europe and even North America via a Bering Strait tunnel.
Illustration: China’s famous science fiction writer Liu Cixin
As the train moved inland, skyscrapers and cranes became fewer. The train passed through lush rice fields and low mist. It was easy to imagine ancient China, where the empire spread its influence across Asia, introduced metal coins, banknotes, and gunpowder, and built river systems that still irrigate terraces today. When reaching the western regions, the hills grew steeper and higher, and I leaned against the window to see the full mountain range. Occasionally, Hans Zimmer’s bass scores and station stop sounds filled the air. When two trains met, the windows were lit with dazzling white light, and the glass buzzed with the sound of high-speed trains.
At noon, the train arrived at Guiyang Railway Station, the capital of Guizhou Province, one of the poorest and most remote provinces in China. The high-speed railway station was a flashy sponge-like building. The government-driven social transformation was evident, with signs reminding passengers to “maintain good atmosphere†everywhere. When an elderly man suddenly entered the station, a security guard pulled him in front of hundreds of people.
The next morning, I walked through the hotel lobby and met the driver who would take me to the observatory. The journey lasted four hours. After two hours of driving, we stopped by farmland thirty meters away. An old woman was harvesting rice in the field. The driver asked her for directions to the observatory 100 kilometers away. Due to language barriers, after repeated communication, the old woman pointed in one direction with her scythe.
We set off again, passing through a small village with motorcycles and pedestrians on the roadside. Some buildings had eaves that had stood for centuries, while others were new, and the residents had been relocated from the observatory area.
Even within the scientific community, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is often mocked as religious mysticism. About 20 years ago, the U.S. Congress rejected a budget amendment proposed by Senator Richard Bryan of Nevada to fund the search for extraterrestrial civilizations, arguing it was “spending taxpayers’ money for the Mars hunting season.†This explains why China, rather than the U.S., built the first radio observation station dedicated to searching for extraterrestrial civilizations.
The search for extraterrestrial civilizations shares similarities with religion, driven by the deepest human desire for connection and transcendence. It explores questions about the origin of life, the creativity of nature, and our future in the universe—issues that traditional religions no longer satisfy for many. However, it remains unclear whether this search will provide answers or why the U.S. government chose to stop funding it. The government is willing to spend billions on expensive, long-term tasks like black holes and gravitational waves, which have probabilistic goals. Darwin argued that the evolution of intelligent life on Earth is not just a possibility—it may be the most interesting scientific endeavor proposed by Darwinism.
Even without U.S. government funding, enthusiasm for global SETI is growing. Today’s radio telescope technology allows us to observe distant stars and see planets orbiting them. The next generation of observing technologies is being developed. With these advancements, our observations will penetrate planetary atmospheres. Researchers searching for extraterrestrial civilizations are already preparing for this. They imagine the technologies advanced civilizations might use and the signals they might emit. They have already discovered how chemical traces of pollutants can be found in space. They know how to filter out vast numbers of stars and identify planets from supernova remnants.
In 2015, Russian billionaire Yuri Milner invested $100 million to fund the SETI program led by UC Berkeley scientists. The team performed more observations in one day than in a full year a decade ago. In 2016, Milner funded $100 million for interplanetary exploration missions, including a giant array of lasers deep in the Chilean desert. The beam of light it sends will push multiple ultra-thin detectors to Alpha Centauri, four light-years away. Scientists can carefully observe the planet through the detector. Milner told me that the probe’s camera may be able to capture continents on the planet. The team simulated the launch of such a beam and noticed a striking resemblance to mysterious fast radio bursts discovered by Earth astronomers, suggesting they may have been generated by similar laser arrays. These efforts aim to explore other parts of the universe.
Andrew Siemion, head of Milner’s research team, actively studies the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations. Before China’s giant radio telescope was completed, Simeon visited and warmly welcomed China’s entry into the radio observatory network, laying the groundwork for international collaboration. These observatories will work together on SETI research, with facilities spread across Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Last fall, when I joined a radio observation station in West Virginia for Simeon’s project, he was particularly excited about China’s radio telescope. He said it was the world’s most sensitive telescope, capable of detecting the most likely spectrum of alien transmitters.
Before I came to China, Simeon told me that the road around the observatory was hard to find, but he said that when my cell phone lost signal, I wasn’t far from the destination. Any radio transmission near the parabolic antenna must be disabled to prevent scientists from mistaking electromagnetic interference for signals from deep space. Even so, the observatory’s supercomputer still receives billions of false positives, mostly caused by human disturbances.
When my cell phone signal finally faded, my driver was about to reach his destination. We had left Guiyang for five hours, and the sky was getting dark. The surrounding area looked like the movie *Avatar*, with layered mountains and wind sweeping through bamboo forests, swaying like a huge green feather. At this point, my phone completely lost signal, and heavy rain poured from the sky onto the windshield.
A week before Guiyang, I visited an ancient viewing platform with Liu Cixin. After the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing in 1442, Emperor Zhu Di began constructing a new astronomical observatory near the Forbidden City and built this stargazing platform. Its height exceeds 40 feet, and its castle-like structure houses China’s most precious astronomical instrument.
No civilization on Earth has a heritage like China in astronomy. Here, astronomy was used by emperors to prove their political legitimacy granted by the “Mandate of Heaven.†Over 3,500 years ago, Chinese astronomers recorded various cosmic phenomena on turtle shells and ox bones using pictograms. The earliest known eclipse record was from Oracle. At the time, this could well be interpreted as a sign of disaster, such as an impending invasion.
Liu Cixin and I sat beside the black marble table in the stone courtyard of the Ancient Observatory. Hundreds of years of tall pine trees towered over the dim sunlight in Beijing. On the side of the yard was a round red door, a staircase leading to an observation platform similar to a turret, which included a huge celestial sphere supported by several bronze-casting dragons. In 1900, when the Eight-Power Allied Army entered Beijing, the star ball was stolen. German and French forces crowded the yard where Da Liu and I were sitting, removing dozens of equally valuable astronomical instruments.
The instrument was eventually returned, but the lingering effects of the incident remained. This period is still remembered as a “humiliating century†for China. It was the lowest point where China fell from the peak of the Ming dynasty. When the ancient observatory was built, China could consider itself a lonely survivor of the Bronze Age civilization, including Babylonians, Mycenaeans, and even ancient Egyptians that no longer exist. Western poets often see the ruins of these civilizations as a symbol of a glorious past, but today there is no survival. However, China’s civilization has endured for thousands of years. Emperors ruled the largest and most complex social organization on the planet, demanding neighboring countries like Nagung to send envoys to kneel before the emperor.
In the first volume of *China Science and Civilization*, published in 1954, British sinologist Joseph Needham asked why the scientific revolution did not occur in China during its long development. Joseph Needham believed this was due to the fact that its large elite intellectual group was based on the eight imperial examinations. This question later became known as the “Needham problem.†Voltaire also thought about why Chinese mathematicians stagnated in geometry, accusing Confucianism of placing too much emphasis on tradition. Other historians attributed it to the stability of China’s political situation. Compared to Europe, the long-term and stable rule of the mainland correspondingly had less technological vitality. In Europe, more than a dozen countries were crowded into a small area, and there were always conflicts. As we know from the *Manhattan Project*, the risk of war helps strengthen the emphasis on science.
Others believe that China’s curiosity about civilizations outside its borders is insufficient. It is worth noting that ancient China seemed to have very little speculation about extraterrestrial life. This lack of curiosity is said to explain why China lagged behind in ocean exploration in the late Middle Ages, while Europe in the same period went through the layers of the Middle Ages and reached the era of great navigation. Regardless of the reasons, China was far behind the West in science and technology. In 1793, King George III built a ship using the most advanced British technology and sent it to China, but was rejected by the emperor. The emperor said he thought the British trinkets were “useless.†Nearly half a century later, Britain returned and sold opium to China. The Chinese emperor refused again and launched a vigorous anti-smoking campaign. Eventually, about 2 million pounds worth of British opium was destroyed at the beach. The British launched the Opium War. This time, the British Navy’s warships defeated the Qing Dynasty without effort and forced the emperor to sign the “unequal treaties.†Afterwards, European countries arrived one after another. After the French established the Vietnamese colony, they joined the ranks of “partitioning China.â€
Meanwhile, Japan, once a “younger brother†of China, reacted completely differently to Western aggression and quickly modernized its navy. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, the Northern Fleet was annihilated, and this was only a prelude to Japan’s invasion of China in the middle of the 20th century.
During World War I, China suffered increasing humiliation, while the United States took the opportunity to rise. During the war, China sent 200,000 workers to the West to support the Allied forces. After the war, Chinese diplomats arrived in Versailles hoping that China would at least be free from unequal treaties. However, the result was counterproductive. China could only sit on an equal footing with small countries like Greece and Siam and watched Western powers divide global interests.
After the 1980s, Chinese leaders showed almost obsessive admiration for science and technology. This is an important emotion in Chinese society and culture today. After more than a decade of hard work, China is catching up with the U.S. in R&D, despite the uneven quality of its research.
In any case, China now knows how to use powerful scientific achievements to establish national prestige. At that time, when Russia put the first satellite and the first astronaut into space, when the U.S. astronauts planted the stars and stripes on the moon, the once “Shangchao Shangguo†could only stand by.
China is more focused on applied science. It created the fastest supercomputer in the world, invested heavily in medical research, and built a “green wall†in the northwest to block the spread of the desert. Now, China is investing substantial resources in basic science, planning to build a Large Hadron Collider and rescue tens of thousands of “God Particles†from the ether. In addition, the Mars exploration plan is also brewing, and in the 21st-century science picture, there is nothing more symbolic of the rise of China than the Chinese astronaut’s high-definition lens on the red planet. Of course, there is the first contact with the alien civilization.
At a security checkpoint 16 kilometers from this giant spherical radio telescope, I had a guard. He locked the phone in a safe and guided me through the metal detector door to prevent any other electronic equipment on the body. Another guard took me through a narrow passageway and climbed a more than 800-level mountain road through a stairway filled with cargo and passed through a buzzing blue plutonium to the platform overlooking the observatory.
Until the last few months of his death in September last year, radio astronomer Nan Rendong was always the scientific leader and soul figure of the Observatory. It was Nan Rendong’s decision to create this giant radio telescope for the search for extraterrestrial civilization. He participated from the start of the project. In the early 1990s, he used satellite imagery to pick hundreds of candidate locations in the deep valleys of the Karst mountainous region of China.
In addition to the afterglow of the Big Bang, radio waves are the weakest form of electromagnetic radiation. Within a year, the total radio wave energy captured by the Earth Observatory was less than a single snowflake gently falling on exposed soil. Collecting these ethereal signals requires absolute radio silence. This is why China plans to set up a radio telescope on the back of the moon one day. Technically, this place is quieter than anywhere on Earth. This is why in the past century, the Radio Astronomy Institute has generally set up a blank space between the cities on the earth; this is why Nanrendong has been relentlessly searching for construction sites in remote karst mountains. These limestone peaks are jagged and covered with subtropical vegetation. They rise from the surface and form a natural barrier that protects the Observatory from wind and radio noise.
After the candidate location was confirmed, Nanrendong began to walk to each site for inspection. When he walks into the center of Big Wolves, he finds himself at the bottom of a roughly symmetrical bowl-shaped valley surrounded by a nearly perfect green mountain range. These are formed during the process of lifting and erosion of the geological structure. After spending more than 20 years and costing 180 million U.S. dollars, Nanrendong placed a 500-meter-long “Viewing Sky Giant Eye†here and directed the radio telescope to be launched by supernova “Guest Star.†Radio waves, astronomers in China had recorded its unusual brightness as early as the millennium ago when a supernova broke out.
After calibration, the radio telescope will begin to scan most of the sky. Andrew Siemion’s research team is working with the Chinese to develop an instrument to process these scans as part of human exploration of the universe.
Simeon told me he likes to study dense stars in the center of the galaxy. He said: “For an advanced civilization, this is a very interesting birthplace. The number of stars and the presence of supermassive black holes constitute the ideal conditions for setting up a bunch of detectors around the Galaxy.†adopted by Simeon. The processing algorithms can process billions of rays of data, and billions of stars are the “beacons†that emit rays.
Liu Cixin told me that he doubted whether this radio telescope could search for a civilized signal. In the kind of dark forest universe that he imagined in *The Three Body*, no civilization would take the initiative to signal unless it was a “death monument,†a powerful broadcast that declared the sender’s imminent extinction. If a civilization is about to be invaded by another civilization, or burned by gamma rays, or destroyed for other natural reasons, it may use the last energy reserve to rush to the nearest civilization.
Even if Da Liu is right, China’s giant radio telescope has the value of detecting extraterrestrial civilization. It has a very high sensitivity, enough to hear radio whispers from extraterrestrial civilizations, and whispers that are not heard. Like radar waves that are constantly emitted when an aircraft flies over the surface of the earth. If the civilization in the universe is indeed a silent hunter, it may be wise for us humans to detect this “leakage†of radio radiation. Many stars in the night sky may be surrounded by planets that emit a faint glow. After the civilizations on it invented radio technology, it is possible to emit radio waves outside the planet before they realize the risk of doing so. Previous observatories often searched only a few stars. China’s giant radio telescope can search tens of thousands of stars.
In Beijing, I told Mr. Liu that I still had hope for the extraterrestrial civilization that I might encounter. I told him that I think the dark forest rule is based on a narrow understanding of history. It is only a general act deduced from the collision of Chinese and Western civilizations. However, Liu Cixin confidently replied that the past between China and the West represented a bigger model. In history, it is easy to find examples of the use of advanced technologies to oppress other civilizations. The situation is too numerous to mention. He said: “This is also true of China’s long feudal society,†which is the long-term rule of neighboring countries.
However, even if this model was extended to the entire history of mankind, even if it was extended to the prehistoric dark age, it extended to the death of Neanderthals after their contact with modern people, there was still not much inference about the progress of civilization at the Galaxy scale. Reference significance. For a civilization that has learned to live on the time scale of the universe, the entire existence of mankind is only a moment in the long dawn. After only a few million years of development, mankind has created various types of weapons, putting the entire species at risk. The weaponry of advanced civilization may far exceed us. No civilization can continue for tens of millions of years without learning peace of mind.
I told Liu Cixin that the relative youth of our civilization may mean that we are a special case of the entire civilization, not a platonic case. The galaxy has been alive for billions of years. It is almost certain that any civilization that we come into contact with will be even longer and smarter.
In addition, so far, there is no evidence in the night sky that advanced civilization will regard expansion as the first principle. SETI researchers have begun searching for civilizations that send information to all directions. If, as expected, they are consuming a lot of energy, these civilizations will emit an infrared light, but they can’t see anything in our all-weather scan. Perhaps through 100 billion stars, the rapid propagation of information will be disturbed, or perhaps the distribution of civilization in the entire galaxy is not uniform, just as humans are not evenly distributed on the earth. However, the current situation is that at present humans have searched for nearly 100,000 galaxies near the solar system, but they have yet to find an extraterrestrial civilization.
Some SETI researchers want to know the hidden patterns of civilized expansion. They studied the feasibility of the “Genesis Detector,†which can sow microorganisms on a planet’s surface, or accelerate the evolution of its surface, by initiating methods similar to the Cambrian Big Bang. Some people even look for evidence by analyzing information encoded in human DNA to prove that such a Genesis detector may have visited the Earth. After all, DNA is the most powerful information storage medium known to the scientific community. However, this idea has also failed. In fact, the concept of civilization expansion may be human-centered.
Liu Cixin did not admit this. For him, the absence of these signals is only strong evidence that the civilization of the universe is good at hiding. He told me that our thinking about other civilizations is limited. He said: “Especially for civilizations that may have lasted for millions or billions of years. Especially when we want to know why they don’t use certain technologies to spread in galaxies, we might be like spiders wanting to know why humans do not use spider webs to catch insects?†said Liu Cixin. In any case, an ancient civilization that has achieved internal peace may still behave like a hunter, partly because it has mastered how to “understand each other at the level of the universe.†“And know that misunderstandings may exist.â€
If we encounter a post-biological artificial intelligence that has already controlled the planet, the first contact will be more difficult. This civilized worldview may have a dual alienation. It may not be sympathetic. This is not an essential feature of wisdom but a specific evolutionary history and the emotions brought about by culture. The logic behind its behavior may be beyond the power of human imagination. According to three researchers at Oxford University, it may have turned the entire planet into a supercomputer and may find it impossible to perform real long-term calculations because it finds that the current universe is overheated. It may be hidden in human observations and dormancy continues for hundreds of millions of years until the universe has expanded and cooled to a temperature that is suitable for more calculations.
When I climbed the last step of the observation platform, the earth itself seemed to buzz like a super computer. This was because the loud sound of insects on the mountain was amplified by the sound effects of this mega-architecture. The first thing I noticed was not the Observatory, but the surrounding karst landscape. The peaks appear in all sorts of weird shapes, just as the Mayans built numerous giant pyramids in hundreds of square miles. They were all covered in vegetation, extending in all directions and extending to the horizon. The mountains nearby are close to dark green, while the ridges in the distance look bluer.
Among the rolling valleys is a spectacular array of radio parabolic antennas. It has five football fields and its depth is enough to provide two bowls of rice for everyone on Earth. This is an example of contemporary technology. Its vastness reminds me of the Bingham copper mine in Utah, but there is no such crude industrial atmosphere as copper. The entire radio-parabolic antenna is like God’s perfect circular fingertips pressed against the glossy silver mark left on the Earth’s outer shell.
I sat in the rain for an hour. Dark clouds drifted across the sky and sparkled on the antenna array of the Observatory. Thousands of its aluminum triangles bring a mosaic-like effect: some become bright silver and others become light bronze. If a distant civilization sends a signal that will soon arrive here, then this signal may be captured by the metal on the planet. Radio waves can enter the receiver through the antenna array. And scientists will do their best to analyze and verify information.
In Beijing, I had asked Liu Cixin to set aside his dark forest rule. I asked him to imagine that the Chinese Academy of Sciences called to tell him that he had found a signal.
How will he answer the message from the civilization of the universe? He said he will avoid too detailed description of human history. “It’s very dark,†he said. “This may make us look more threatening.†In the novel *Blindness* in Peter Watts’s first contact with extraterrestrial civilization, it was only mentioned too much. The individual is enough to make us think that it is an existential threat. I reminded Liu Cixin that distant civilizations may be able to observe the glow of atomic bombs in the Earth’s atmosphere. They are just like any advanced civilization, and they only observe life-friendly habitats. In other words, whether we disclose our history may not be our own.
However, Liu Cixin told me that even if there is no world war, the first contact with alien civilization will lead to human conflict, which is a popular metaphor in science fiction. In last year’s Oscar-nominated movie *Arrival*, the sudden appearance of extraterrestrial civilization inspired the formation of a doomsday cult, which almost triggered a war between the world’s great powers. They were eager to gain an advantage in the competition to understand the extraterrestrial Civilized information. Da Liu’s pessimism also has realistic evidence: When Ecuador’s “World Wars†simulated alien invasion of radio broadcasts in Ecuador in 1949, it triggered a riot that killed six people. “We are very vulnerable to conflicts that seem to be easy to resolve,†Liu Cixin told me.
Civilizations outside of the country have come. Even if there is no geopolitical conflict, humans will undergo a fierce cultural transformation because every belief system on the earth is in contact with the first type (refers to a part of the human body that touches something on the UFO, or near the conflict with the fact of witnessing UFO legacy marks). Buddhists will be relaxed: their beliefs already carry countless ancient and vast universes, and every corner of the universe is filled with vibrational energy of life. The Hindu universe is equally grand and rich. The Koran mentions Allah’s “creation of heaven and earth and the spread of life through them.†The Jews believe that the power of God is infinite, and of course nothing can instigate his creation of the earth.
Christianity may be more difficult. There is a debate in contemporary Christian theology that whether the divine grace of Christ extends to every soul in the vast universe, or whether the sinful inhabitants of distant planets need their own deities to intervene. The Vatican seems particularly keen to incorporate extraterrestrial life into its teachings. This makes us feel that another scientific revolution may be coming.
Similarly, secular humanists will not be sober for the first contact. Copernicus used the heliocentric theory to pull humans out of the center of the universe and Darwin pulled humans back into the animal kingdom. But even within this framework, human beings have always regarded themselves as the pinnacle of natural evolution. We continue to cruelly treat “lower†creatures. We are surprised to find that existence itself is to use the simplest materials and axioms to maintain life like ours. In the words of Carl Sagan, we have already flattered ourselves because we are “the way the universe understands itself.†In worldly terms, we have created God in our own image.
Perhaps one day we will be humbled by the discovery of countless civilizations. In the long evolutionary journey, we will join a more ancient civilization network at the cosmological scale. We will receive from them a true education on the history of civilization and discover those young civilizations, ancient civilizations, or extinct civilizations. We may see artworks on the galactic scale that carry a civilization of millions of years. We may be required to participate in scientific observations that can only be coordinated by multiple civilizations separated by hundreds of light years. We may recognize this in the natural world that we cannot understand now. We may know a new kind of metaphysics. If we are lucky, we will understand a new code of ethics. We will be freed from the coexistence of human existentialism. In this dark forest, the first light we receive will also illuminate our world. (Hanjing)
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