Software Defined Radio (SDR) provides a complete set of radio technologies that can be dynamically programmed to support a variety of different waveforms, meet emerging link-level connectivity standards, provide new communication protocols and features, and improve performance and provide new service. The U.S. military has now used the SDR to equip soldiers with radios so that soldiers can wirelessly download software modules and establish contact with support aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, and other military systems that use different waveforms and frequencies.
Can SDR technology bring similar advantages to commercial wireless handset providers? These suppliers not only face the short product life cycle and different equipment standards, but also have a very high cost sensitivity. In principle, SDR seems to be able to provide ready-made and attractive solutions, but SDR faces severe challenges when designing and implementing optimized solutions. In general, if a hardware platform is generic enough to support the various features in the software, then it must integrate expensive components or consume large amounts of power, or both. Is there a way to break this cycle of performance tradeoffs?
Figure 1: Pentek's dual digital up/down conversion module solution.
Of course, we have enough motivation to do this. At the other end of the connection, that is, the base station, this may be a considerable return. The reality of the short life cycle of mobile phones has made a direct software solution not as attractive to mobile phones as it is to wireless base stations. It is usually thought that the latter is more expensive and has a longer life expectancy. Replacing dedicated waveform processing hardware lacking multi-band capabilities with software processing can save operators hundreds of thousands of dollars over the life of a base station.
However, the basic principle of a mobile phone is different from that of a base station. The goal of the mobile phone is: Built-in support function enables users to add new services and can obtain effective transmission signals in cross-country travel. This requires that the handset has the ability to receive and decode various waveforms (possibly through multiple bandwidths).
Infrastructure does not need to support multiple standards, but it must be able to provide ongoing support as existing standards evolve over time. It must be able to "provide a CD" for the base station and then install the software to upgrade. This upgrade implements changes in an already established waveform standard or implements new features by adding protocols.
Support for multiple specifications
However, the design method is closely linked with the specific hardware architecture. This leads to starting from scratch and launching a completely new hardware platform. This is the reason why the choice of hardware components may cause great differences in design options.
The faster the signal is digitized, the faster the software module can be used to adapt to different characteristics. Considering the overall design balance, A/D conversion provides an opportunity. This can be done in such a way that power and costs are optimized according to the number of communication channels that have to be processed to meet special requirements. For example, more channels may be allocated for surfing the web than voice communications.
Pentek's solution (Figure 1) is to consider the use of FPGAs that can implement specific application functions instead of standard hardware components. "If we can program an FPGA to process digital inputs and its processing power is equivalent to that of several standard DSPs, the overall cost and power consumption will definitely be greatly reduced," said Rodger Hosking, Pentek's vice president.
TI took the opposite approach. It focused on building flexible, standard hardware to handle the ever-increasing waveforms, bandwidth, and protocols. "We started doing this a few years ago," said Bill Krenik, CTO of TI's Wireless Division. "The handset has the expanded capabilities needed to handle the new bandwidth. Integrating this capability into the hardware platform and using software to implement the control solution has Higher cost performance."
TI can improve its manufacturing process to meet these needs. TI's current 65-nm process can integrate hardware for multiple standards, and TI expects to shift to 32-nm as demand grows in the coming years. According to TI, doing so not only provides space for integrating more standards, it also reduces overall power consumption.
Is modeling and simulation really helpful?
The risk of creating an inadequate hardware platform for future and still unknown communication features is unpredictable until these features are implemented in software. The designer may not be able to determine the performance or battery power to support the required features after deploying a hardware platform, and for further development, the platform must be phased out.
The second risk comes from the prediction of the relevant platform. It is not easy to prove that the platform is correct before such an important part of software implementation is completed. When the hardware platform has not yet been deployed, it may have led to a large number of design rework or product delays.
Both of these risks evade the question of whether it is possible to obtain good guidance on the likelihood of mismatches between hardware and software at the beginning of the project. One of the ways to solve this problem is to model components and simulate the interaction between them. Hardware engineers have been using modeling and simulation methods for many years, but is it feasible to add software to them?
Hardware and software models are now becoming more and more realistic, sometimes even as part of a direct implementation. Analytical software vendors such as Mathworks and Wolfram Research enable designers to generate comprehensive hardware and software interaction models and simulate interactions. Through these, designers can identify and solve technical problems and analyze “what if†situations by changing model parameters.
Using Wolfram's Mathematica analysis software, both hardware and software parameters can be expressed using mathematical languages, and the runtime algorithms written in Mathematica can be connected to C++ or Java code. Although the use of this model as runtime code may cause issues such as performance or code length, at the very least this model is useful in understanding the behavior of software modules running under different hardware configurations.
Matlab, provided by Mathworks, makes it easier to connect models and actual work codes. It provides standard modules for several functions, including communications. For example, recently Mathworks released Communications Blockset 3, which has enhanced its performance in designing and simulating components such as the communications system physical layer and handheld wireless transceivers.
MatLab and its companion product Simulink support model-based design, a technology that allows engineers to generate specific working models for interactions between hardware and software. Engineers can use it to simulate these interactions and modify these interactions based on known assumptions to obtain an acceptable design. Once the model is finalized, it can be translated into C or other languages ​​and implemented as part of the software or firmware implementation.
Figure 2: Simulink helps users get the most optimized hardware designs by using feature-based models based on commercial module groups.
Such an approach can provide advantages in optimizing hardware platform and software and hardware interaction. Until the hardware and software configuration is complete, this advantage comes at the expense of additional design effort and trade-off analysis. This method will add extra time outside of the already tight development cycle, but it will improve the quality of the implementation.
The best solution
Because it is impossible to fully predict the characteristics needed in the future, the design of the hardware platform is due to intelligent prediction. However, there are still commonalities in these forecasts, that is, they are all based on past requirements and should provide guidelines for the future:
1. Use as much of the processing power as possible, which refers to general-purpose processors and DSPs. Increasing the software model with advanced digital features will consume all of this processing power.
2. Especially for mobile phones, the battery life is precious because of its higher performance, larger storage capacity, and more software processing capabilities. Use battery management software or firmware to maximize battery life.
3. In the development cycle, software and hardware interaction modeling is performed as early as possible. If one of the hardware and software changes before the platform is deployed or the standard is developed after the platform is deployed, doing so can save the overhead of redesigning hardware and software.
4. Wherever possible, standard hardware platforms and software modules are used, but trade-offs such as power consumption, performance, and cost are of course required, but a standard platform will provide known physical characteristics, and various software modules will be provided accordingly. .
There is no such rule that the best SDR wireless transceivers can be provided under any circumstances because the differences between different situations are too far apart. Base stations more or less have more common characteristics, so in order to adapt to a longer life cycle, technical trade-offs, although different, are equally complex.
By using a variety of hardware standards and additional software, suppliers are increasingly extending the life cycle of equipment and infrastructure. Designers can apply these components wisely to ensure a higher degree of compatibility with wireless products.
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