A review of new automotive electronics technologies

The electronic, intelligent and networked automobile is an important symbol of the development of modern automobiles. With the increasing requirements of consumers for the function and performance of automobiles, automobiles are gradually being converted from mechanical systems to electronic systems. Currently, the global automotive electronics industry is facing The opportunity for rapid growth. In foreign countries, electronic systems have accounted for 30% of the total cost of an ordinary car, and the proportion in high-class cars is higher. In China, the configuration of electronic devices in mid- to high-class cars has approached or reached the level of developed countries in the foreign automobile industry. However, China's automotive electronics industry is still far from the foreign countries, and it is necessary to increase the investment in research. After two stages of development, automotive electronics technology is now in its third phase. The first phase of automotive electronics mainly uses discrete electronic components to form an electronic controller, and began to transition from discrete electronic components to integrated circuit products. The second phase mainly uses integrated circuits and 8-bit microprocessors to develop automotive-specific independent control. The third phase began in the 1990s. Automotive electronic devices are widely controlled by 16-bit or 32-bit microprocessors, and control technologies are moving toward intelligent and networked. Many new technical research areas and research hotspots have emerged at this stage.

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1. Wire control technology DBW

The various control systems of automobiles are developing in the direction of electronic and automation. In the next 5 to 10 years, the traditional automotive mechanical control system will become an electrical system connected to a high-performance CPU through a high-speed fault-tolerant communication bus. For example, the car will use electric motors and electronic control signals to achieve line-controlled driving, line control, line-controlled throttle and line-controlled suspension. These line control systems will completely replace the hydraulic and mechanical controls in existing systems.

The DBW used in the new generation Accord V6 sedan is one of the new technologies. DBW is the English abbreviation of the line control throttle, also known as the electronically controlled throttle, that is, the throttle of the engine is electronically controlled. The traditional throttle control mode is that the driver directly controls the opening and closing of the engine throttle by the throttle cable by stepping on the accelerator pedal, thereby determining the acceleration or deceleration, and the driver's action and the throttle motion are connected by the mechanical action of the cable. . And DBW changed this mechanical connection to an electronic link. The driver still controls the cable by stepping on the accelerator pedal. However, the cable is not directly connected to the throttle, but is connected to an accelerator pedal position sensor. The sensor converts the position change of the cable into an electrical signal transmitted to the brain ECU (electronic controller) of the car, and the relevant sensor collected by the ECU. After the signal is processed, a command is sent to the throttle actuator control module, and the throttle actuator control module sends a signal to the throttle actuator to control the opening and closing of the throttle. That is to say, the action between the driver and the action of the throttle is connected by an electrical signal of the electronic component.

Although the DBW is more complicated than the traditional throttle control method, the control of the throttle is more precise than the traditional method. The engine can precisely adjust the fuel-air mixture entering the cylinder according to various driving information of the vehicle to improve the combustion condition of the engine. Thereby greatly improving the power and economy of the car. The advantages of using the wire control technology are many, such as using the wire to control the movement without brake fluid, protecting the ecology, reducing maintenance; light weight; high performance (fast braking response); minimum brake grinding (more uniform force on the tire); installation The test is simpler and faster (module structure); the more stable electronic interface; there is no mechanical connection between the partitions; the simple arrangement can increase the electronic control function; the pedal characteristics are consistent; the components of the hydraulic system are less.

2.CAN bus network

With the increasing use of electronic control units in automobiles, data communication between in-vehicle electronic devices has become more and more important. It is necessary to construct automotive in-vehicle electronic network systems based on distributed control systems. The rapid exchange of high amounts of data, high reliability and low cost are requirements for automotive electronic network systems. In this network system, each processor operates independently, controlling the performance of one aspect of the vehicle, while providing data services when needed by other processors. The composition of the car's internal network mainly relies on bus transmission technology. Automobile bus transmission is a vehicle internal network formed by connecting various electronic control units, smart sensors, smart meters, etc. in a car through a certain communication protocol. The advantages are: reducing the number of wire harnesses and the volume of the wire harness, improving the reliability and maintainability of the electronic system; using universal sensors to achieve the purpose of data sharing; improving the flexibility of the system, that is, through the software of the system Changes in system functionality. The CAN bus is a serial data communication protocol developed by Bosch in Germany in the early 1980s. Its short frame data structure, non-destructive bus arbitration technology and flexible communication methods make the CAN bus highly reliable and anti-interference, meeting the real-time and reliability requirements of the bus. At present, foreign automobile bus technology is very mature and has been promoted and applied in automobiles.

The Audi A6 model produced by the domestic technology has replaced the original wiring harness with the bus since 2000. The Passat B5, Bora, Polo, Fiat's Palio, Siena, Hafei Racing and other models all use the CAN bus to varying degrees. technology. In addition, some high-end passenger cars and construction machinery have begun to apply bus technology. It is expected that by 2005 CAN will account for 63% of the entire automotive network agreement market. In Europe, CAN-based networks also account for approximately 88% of the market. At present, most of the cars using the CAN bus network have two or more buses, one is the power CAN bus, which mainly includes three nodes of engine, ABS and automatic transmission, and the communication speed is generally 500 kbps; the other is the comfortable CAN bus, which mainly includes The central controller and four door modules have a communication rate of 62.55 kbps or 100 kbps.

3. Car cruise control system CCS

The car cruise control system is an automatic driving device that automatically maintains a certain driving speed according to the driver's request, reduces the labor intensity of the driver, and improves the comfort of the car without the accelerator pedal being operated. The car cruise control system is referred to as CCS for short. According to its characteristics, it is also called "car cruise control system", "constant speed control system", "vehicle speed control system", or "cruise control system". At present, many vehicles, especially high-class cars, have adopted the cruise control system as an associated device or an optional device. For example, Japan's Crown, Lexus, Camry, the United States' Buick, Cadillac, Germany's Mercedes-Benz, BMW and other vehicles are equipped with cruise control systems. When the car is equipped with a cruise control system, when the vehicle speed is above 40min/h, the device can automatically keep driving at the speed required by the driver and maintain this constant speed without the driver having to step on the accelerator pedal. After adopting such a device, when driving on the expressway for a long time, the driver can rest on the foot of the accelerator pedal, and the fatigue is not caused by the long-term driving control of the accelerator pedal to stabilize the vehicle speed, thereby reducing the driver's operation burden. . Since the electronic system can accurately control the working condition of the vehicle, the vehicle at a high speed is safer, more stable, and the fuel consumption is reduced, thereby improving the fuel economy and driving comfort of the vehicle. This feature is especially suitable for vehicles driving on highways. The cruise control system is more effective if it is used on a car equipped with an automatic transmission.

The main advantages of the car cruise control system are:

(1) Keep the vehicle speed stable, no matter how the driving resistance of the car changes due to the wind and road gradient, as long as the engine power is allowed, the driving speed of the car can remain unchanged.

(2) Improve the comfort of the car when driving, especially when the car is driving in the suburbs or on the highway, the comfort is more obvious. The driver does not need to frequently step on the accelerator pedal, so the fatigue strength is greatly reduced.

(3) Improve economy and environmental protection, and save 15% of fuel for an experienced driver under the same driving conditions. The use of a speed stabilizer in the cruise control system allows for an optimal fit between the fuel supply and the power of the engine, reducing the fuel consumption rate and greatly reducing the harmful gases in the exhaust.

(4) Extend the engine life, so that the car can work within the favorable engine speed range, so that the vehicle's fuel supply and engine power are in optimal cooperation. The car cruise control system has been developed for more than 30 years, and has undergone four stages: mechanical control, transistor control, analog microcomputer control and digital microcomputer control. Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has been using a mechanically controlled cruise system since 1965. After that, VDO has developed a pneumatic mechanical cruise control system. In 1968, the German Mercedes-Benz company developed a transistor-controlled cruise system and installed it on the Mokley car.

4. Car navigation system GPS

GPS is the global positioning system and the third aerospace project after the Apollo spacecraft and space shuttle. At first it was only used for military purposes, but with the development of electronic technology, GPS has gradually been applied to car navigation.

A car with a navigation system has a display in the cab. The above shows the traffic map of a city (called an electronic map) and the location of the car at the time. If the driver enters the place name of the destination and the position on the map, the map will show an optimal route and direction from the location where the car is located to the destination, guiding the car to travel and play a navigation role. In this way, the driver can drive safely to unfamiliar areas and drive safely at night. In addition, GPS can also tell the driver at any time the traffic situation, indicate where the traffic is crowded, where the traffic is unblocked, and where there are vacancies to park. Enable drivers to bypass crowded roads, reach destinations faster, avoid traffic jams, and improve overall driving efficiency.

The entire navigation system consists of GPS navigation, autonomous navigation, map matcher, signal processing unit, memory, display, sensor and other parts. GPS navigation consists of a GPS antenna and a GPS receiver. The GPS satellite transmits the radio wave transmission time information, and the receiver can calculate the time when the radio wave travels according to the time when the radio wave arrives. Multiply this time by the propagation speed of the radio wave to know the distance between the satellite and the receiver, that is, the distance between the satellite and the car equipped with the receiver. At the same time, the orbital position of each GPS satellite is also transmitted. Therefore, the position of the receiving point can be obtained from three spherical intersections centered on three satellites, and the position of the vehicle on the electronic map can be determined. When the car is driving in an underground tunnel, dense forest, high-rise buildings, etc., the car will conduct self-discipline navigation. The driver sets an initial value for the vehicle position before driving begins.

During driving, the distance traveled and the direction of travel for each certain period of time are detected to determine the position of the vehicle. The driving distance is obtained by the vehicle speed sensor, and the direction signal is measured by the optical fiber sensor. Some signals of the state and position of the car obtained by GPS navigation and autonomous navigation are processed by the map matcher to be displayed on the electronic map without any errors. The electronic map is made by first taking a full-scale photograph taken by urban aviation surveys, and actually surveying, marking, and supplementing to form an accurate topographic map, which includes road traffic maps, road networks, and place names along the cities. Then the topographic map is sent to the PC through the digitizer and scanner, and the data is collected and edited by special software to generate a digital terrain model. Then, they are superimposed, classified, and marked to form an electronic map and made into a CD-ROM.

The development of car navigation systems is very rapid. At present, some systems use 32-bit CPUs to embed real-time operating micro-processing units, which are convenient for high-speed cars to process data quickly. The application of laser technology produces a large-capacity digital video disc that can store more information. The use of thin film transistor active liquid crystal displays can make images sharper. The car navigation system can provide its own position and destination position coordinates, the straight distance of all travel, time, speed, and forward direction in real time. When encountering road congestion, road construction or wrong way, GPS can retrieve in time and provide new routes. In addition, the GPS can also make voice prompts in order to let the driver know in advance the road conditions during driving. If the car navigation system is networked with other departments, the driver can get the latest information on the traffic situation at any time, so that the car avoids blocking and crowded roads, enabling automatic road selection and unblocked driving. The universal use of car navigation will bring a new look to urban traffic in the 21st century.

5. Automotive electric control system EBS

The automotive electric control system EBS is based on ABS, which replaces the traditional mechanical transmission with electronic control to control the braking system to achieve a good braking effect and increase the safety of the vehicle brake. When braking the car, the braking force of the wheel is related to the ground adhesion coefficient. When the wheel is in the semi-sliding and semi-rolling state, the ground adhesion coefficient can be maximized, that is, the braking force can be larger, and the lateral stability is better. . When the wheel is completely locked without rolling, the ground adhesion is reduced and the lateral stability is zero. It is prone to side slip and tail-flicking and is prone to accidents. The ABS anti-lock braking system is in the state of braking the car, so that the wheel is always in a state of being locked and not fully locked. That is to ensure that the car obtains the maximum adhesion, while maintaining the corresponding lateral stability, completely solve the problem of the conventional system, or the wheel is not locked, the braking force is not enough, or the car is completely locked, so that the car loses lateral stability. When the car brakes, the ABS system continuously detects the rotation of the wheel.

When the wheel is about to lock, the ABS system sends a signal to the pressure regulator to control the braking force of the brake, so that the braking force stops increasing. At this time, the brake fluid in the brake is reflowed and depressurized a little, and then pressurized, and the braking force is increased. Thus, the optimal braking effect is achieved several times in succession, which can reach 10 to 20 times/second. The EBS system adds various sensors to the ABS system, including three-dimensional force sensors, brake lining wear sensors, and the like. When braking, the brake pedal position signal is transmitted to the electronic control unit, and each force sensor transmits the load, ground adhesion and brake air pressure signals to the electronic control unit, and the electronic control unit automatically adjusts the brake pressure to form a closed loop control. The system replaces the mechanical transmission with electronic control, reduces the braking time of the mechanical transmission of the braking system, shortens the braking distance, minimizes the wear of the friction plate at low strength, and achieves the best utilization of the road adhesion coefficient by using ABS at medium strength. At high strength, apply the maximum brake pressure to achieve the best control braking force. The friction and wear sensor can monitor the friction of each brake pad and control the pressure distribution of each brake to extend the service life. The EBS system can be centrally and uniformly controlled by an electronic control unit together with other electronic control systems. Control functions that implement a variety of different requirements.

6. Occupant Perception System OPDS

The Honda 7th Accord V6 sedan is equipped with front side airbags, so the front passenger seat is equipped with an occupant perception system. The role of the occupant perception system is that when the child is sitting on the front seat or the child is dozing on the side of the head, the passenger seat side airbag will automatically close, thereby reducing the damage of the airbag to the child when the side collision accident occurs. So how does the airbag know all this? Originally, seven sensors were hidden in the passenger seat that looks like the ordinary seat. The six sensors in the seat back are responsible for observing the seat height of the occupant to judge sitting. It is a child or an adult, or a bottle or other thing; a sensor on the side of the backrest specifically checks whether the child is dozing off sideways and determines if the child's head is in the range in which the side airbag is deployed.

The OPDS sensor makes these judgments based on the amount of electric conductor of the occupant. The seat has already set the amount of electric conductor of the seat itself before leaving the factory. After the seat is installed in the car and sits on the person, the OPDS system detects it. The total amount of electrical conductor, the total amount of conductor minus the amount of conductor of the seat is the amount of conductor of the occupant. If the amount of occupant conductor is lower than the initial critical value of the system, the OPDS system considers that it is sitting. The child's or child's head is in the range of the side airbag detonation, which automatically closes the airbag, and the "SIDEAIRBAGOFF" yellow light on the instrument panel illuminates, telling the driver that the airbag has been closed. With the care of a "caretaker" such as OPDS, children can enjoy their dreams on the road.

7. Mobile multimedia system

The use of mobile multimedia technology can develop automotive entertainment systems, such as full-color screens, gaming devices, DVD players, video recorders, DVD players and phonographs. Mobile multimedia technology is also reflected in smart wireless products, telecommunications equipment and information processing products, including the provision of a voice recognition system that supports multiple languages, so that drivers are not used to operate the entertainment system, thus freeing both hands to control the steering wheel. It also integrates the functions of the Internet into the vehicle, enabling people to view, send and receive emails, and trade stocks on the Internet. The “plug and play” approach allows car consumers to update them quickly and easily. Multimedia products, enjoy a richer new service. The equipment for digital audio-visual entertainment media has actually become universal, and the karaoke and VCD audio-visual functions on the car belong to this design.

It is even possible to create a DVD theater with good sound, sound, sound and light effects. The advancement of digital technology has brought tremendous changes to the automotive AV world, and a new concept of automotive multimedia has begun to emerge. Clarion cooperated with Microsoft Corporation to develop the world's first in-vehicle computer system using the Windows operating system and comprehensive use of car audio, computer technology, navigation technology and automatic language recognition technology. New stage. It is expected that automotive multimedia that integrates sound, image and office communication will soon become a reality. that

8. Electrical system voltage upgrade

Currently, global automakers will jointly develop a new standard for future electronic system voltages, that is, the 36V/12V dual voltage system will be used with the 42V voltage system. It is expected that the first car to use the 42V voltage system will appear in a few years, and the international automotive industry will undergo a long-term and thorough change in the following decade. At the SAE annual meeting held in Detroit a few years ago, there was a lot of discussion on how to develop the 42V voltage system: what is the current difficulty: how to solve it.

Of course, the benefits of automotive voltage upgrades are also obvious. In addition to reducing the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire harness and reducing the size of the motor, it can also take the opportunity to revolutionize the electrical appliances on the car, such as terminating the mechanical relays currently in use, entering the solid-state switching mode, and replacing the current discrete components with electronic modules. Wait. According to industry sources, the current luxury car uses 1 to 3 kilowatts of power, and by 2010 the use of high-class cars will reach 10 to 20 kilowatts. If the car performance is to be improved, the setting will increase, only the voltage upgrade The road can solve the problem. It is foreseeable that the reform of automotive electrical technology will inject new vitality into the development of automobiles.

The 14/42V and 42V electrical systems have been widely recognized by the international automotive industry, so it is believed that the time for this new automotive electrical system to be put into practical use is not far off. Due to the inherent characteristics of the electrical system, the control device combining the power semiconductor components with the microelectronic devices will obtain a large number of applications in the new electrical system, which will have a greater impact on the traditional automotive electrical appliances, and The industrial structure of automotive electronics and electrical components has a profound impact. At present, China's related industries have given due attention to the new automotive electrical system, and this new automotive technology is entering the initial stage of research. In the car, in addition to high-quality audio and navigation, you can also book restaurants, restaurants, airline tickets, etc., assisted driving is also possible.

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